Scarlet Letter and Crucible Letter

Patterson Surname Meaning and Origin

Patterson Surname Meaning and Origin The basic last name Pattersonâ most regularly began as aâ patronymic name meaning child of Patrick. The given name Patrick gets from the Roman name Patricius, which implied aristocrat in Latin, signifying an individual from the patrician class or Roman inherited nobility. In County Galway, Ireland, Patterson was a family name regularly taken by bearers of the Gaelic name à Caisã ­n, which means relative of Caisã ­nâ from the Gaelic casn,â or minimal wavy headed one. ​Surname Origin: English, Scottish, Irish Substitute Surname Spellings: Patrickson, Paterson, Patersen, Pattersen, Batterson Well known People James Patterson - American smash hit authorCarly Patterson - 2004 Olympic All-Around Gymnastics ChampionJohn Patterson - American maker who advanced the cutting edge money registerâ Family history Resources In the event that youre keen on interfacing with other people who share the Patterson family name or in finding out additional, the accompanying assets can help: Most Common U.S. Last names and Their Meanings: Smith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the a huge number of Americans donning one of these best 250 normal last names from the 2000 census?Patterson DNA Project: A yearly distribution gave under the authority of the Barnes Family Association. A few volumes are accessible with the expectation of complimentary survey from Internet Archive.Patterson Family Genealogy Forum: Search this famous parentage gathering for the Patterson last name to discover other people who may be investigating your progenitors, or pose your own inquiry about your Patterson ancestors.FamilySearch: Discover chronicled records and heredity connected family trees posted for the Patterson last name and its variations.Patterson Surname and Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb has a few free mailing records for analysts of the Patterson family name. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Word reference of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Dos and Donts of B2B Marketing

Do’s and Don’ts of B2B Marketing The emergence of B2B marketing as the prevailing attitude of e-commerce today has influenced all that has a part in the market. From purchasing materials to their processing towards specific products, placement on the market, purchase systems and distribution to consumers; as well as service development through training and qualification courses within e-learning systems which have also entered content marketing domains businesses implement inbound techniques to optimize their productivity whether in relation to each other or towards the consumers. © Shutterstock.com | designer491Business-to-business marketing has begun to implement new content-based strategies and channels in relations between providers and buyers in the past few years. Studies show that these tendencies are going to grow in the following years. We have, hence, decided to provide basic introduction to how B2B marketing works and pointed out the differentiation points in reference to business-to-customer marketing as well as incorporated a list of advisable and avoidable strategies for B2B marketers. Read through sections 1) Introduction to B2B Marketing; 2) B2B Marketing Do’s and 3) B2B Marketing Don’ts and acquire valuable insights regarding the matter.INTRODUCTION TO B2B MARKETINGBusiness-to-business or B2B marketing is the management of the whole of processes in commerce between business entities with the end goal of providing according to consumer demand. In other words, the final objective of B2B marketing is to secure adequate transformation of mate rials into products, as well as their storage and distribution, in order to be placed on the market and generate revenue.When the B2B marketing discipline emerged in the early 1990s, its approaches were frequently identified with the techniques used in customer marketing. However, in the past fifteen years, its strategies diversified according to necessities of specific processes in the discipline. New tendencies towards content marketing and engagement, as well as documentation of strategies, are showing significant growth in B2B marketing.Here are some up-to-date statistics on content management in B2B marketing:70% of B2B marketing enterprises are increasing content amounts through social media (especially LinkedIn and Twitter), articles on websites, eNewsletters, blogs, in-person events, case studies, videos, webcasts and webinars, infographics, etc.35% of B2B marketing enterprises implement documentation of content strategies and report high-efficiency.Organizational goals of B 2B enterprises for the following year are raising brand awareness (84% of enterprises), generating leads (83%), inducing engagement (81%), increasing sales (75%) and nurturing leads (74%).55% of B2B enterprises intend to increase budgets or content marketing in 2015.The detrimental features of business-to-business marketing are those related to the amount of customers in relation to providers and those of financial nature â€" significantly larger amounts of money are in play in the B2B market than is the case with general consumer market. These properties affect differences in business marketing management which will be discussed later in the text.[slideshare id=26704085doc=b2bresearch2014cmi-130930124820-phpapp01]Decision Matrix in B2B MarketingBusiness to business marketing process involves complex decision-making units (DMU) due to different low/high business risk and low/high financial value relations. These relations change with reference to different target audiences (DMU’s of the potential buyer/seller) and involve specific DMUs accordingly: purchase, technical and legal with varying levels of expertise. This is necessary in order to optimize communication and end results of collaboration.B2B and B2C Marketing Comparison B2B product presentation is usually more complexWhile consumer products frequently target appeal and usefulness on a superficial level, B2B products require profound technical expertise in the field of a potential purchase. A buyer in B2B interaction is not interested in the appearance of the product as much as in specifications in its production, features and functionality, as well as the post sales, support management and issue resolution strategies of the seller.Consequently, the potential continuous large-scale relationship in B2B greatly depends on the (mostly technically focused) ability and expertise of salespeople to provide sufficient amount of valuable data. B2B has lower number of buyers but longer-terms buyersThe B2B marke t is comprised out of roughly 80% of providers in relation to a mere 20% of buyers. In addition to this ratio, the number of buyers is significantly lower than in B2C market. Moreover, the financial revenue from particular customers is higher as is the differentiation in the value of key accounts and other customers for a business.Further on, customers in the B2B market require stronger post-sales support and are likely to opt for a long-term relationship with their providers because of the specific nature of products and services acquired. B2B are more rationalRational management is one of the essential approaches undertaken in B2B marketing. Marketers choose comprehensive strategies to create cohesive brands without too much sub-categorization in order to clearly provide according to their customers’ demand. Proper research and implementation of findings, as well as quality products/services, are something B2B enterprises incorporate vigorously because their customers are more p erceptive and circumspect. B2B has fewer behavioral and needs-based segmentsDue to the smaller amounts of customers as well as, the lesser differentiation between target audience’s particular needs, B2B enterprises have fewer segments of customers and are divided on more of technical than behavioral basis. Frequent segmentation in B2B marketing includes focusing on price, focus on brand and quality, service focus and focus on partnership audiences. These segments are managed according to their characteristics but also based on the strategic importance of the buyer for the enterprise. B2B has higher importance of relationshipB2B marketers must exploit the benefits of customer engagement management strategies in order to ensure retention of key accounts: personalized approach in B2B takes form of a partnership (in addition to timely supply of required products, buyers are looking for stockholders, technical consultants, long-term support and other valuable services which will differ entiate their supplier from competition).As a consequence of the necessity of building a solid relationship with customers, B2B marketing gravitates to sales and technical support as means of promotion more than anything else. In-person meetings and trade shows are what is most invested in when cultivation of relations is in question. B2B drives less innovationIn opposition to risk taking tendencies in innovation of B2C marketing which are caused by the growing need for differentiation, B2B marketers are all in a somewhat similar situation (being recklessly innovative would be unproductive) and build innovation from quality research and collected information on trends which have been established upstream so as to create a sustainable market.[cp_modal id=cp_id_75506] [/cp_modal]B2B MARKETING DO’SDo Prioritize Measurable ObjectivesRather than focusing solely on diagnostics such as database size or lead scores, you should use them as means of objective measurement of activity and potential conversion through stages of customer lifecycle. This way you will be able to have qualitative and quantitative results in reference to the market. Consequently, you will be able to prioritize your objectives of measurement depending on your current state. For example, if you are attracting a lot of prospects, you will focus on qualifying their receptiveness for potential conversion, nurturing their engagement through expert content presentation (within your industry) and acquisition of new ones.Do Articulate your Business in a Customer-focused WayRelationship construction is crucial for successful B2B marketing management so you should implement an outside-in perspective when structuring your campaigns. The holy grail of marketing is being able to articulate o ffers to customers not as sales but as means to reach their preferred ends (because a customer essentially does not want a drill, they want a hole). An outside-in perspective, i.e. examination of your target audience will provide insights on what to focus on. However, incorporate these insights into something your visions because brands satisfy customer’s desires but are autonomous at the in the process.Do Target your Customer SegmentationProper allocation of investment (of time, money and personnel), as well as the efficiency of your overall marketing endeavors, depends on the determination of segment characteristics in your target customers. Such results are obtained by data collection, analysis as well as interaction. The more informed you are of your potential buyers, the more you will be able to answer their particular needs.Do Perform Content MarketingIn order to make your customer more knowledgeable about your business and its products as well as services that accompany it (post-sales support, technical consultation, etc.) you should implement content marketing strategies. Identify and align content with regard to all of the stages of the customer journey and present it through the implementation of effective tactics â€" such as social media, in-person communication, blogs, newsletters and a variety of others.Content marketing strategies introduce your business to prospects as well as general public and as such serve as an excellent technique for branding a company and expanding its clientele.Do Invest your Effort in Skill Development, Expansion and Retention of CustomersBuyers in the B2B market have more knowledge of the industry within their purchase necessities and a higher awareness of what their needs are (as opposing to the consumer market). In order to prevail in B2B market, you have to invest in personnel skills (especially sales and technical departments) and expansion of qualifications so your company could communicate with customers and del iver according to demand on a satisfactory level.Moreover, as there are fewer customers in the B2B market, it is essential to focus time and money on their retention. As we have mentioned above, B2B marketing aims at attracting long-term highly profitable accounts.Do Share your Knowledge and Even Some Trade Secrets with your B2B CustomersAs relations between a customer and the provider in B2B marketing resemble a partnership, it is advisable to let your prospects know what and how you are doing the things they require. Sharing some trade secrets will convince your customers of your expertise and competence. Presenting content (such as webinars, courses or ebooks) should be free because it builds the most positive relationship with prospects. Your target customers are not willing to perform these operations and processes by themselves, but they want to be well informed in matters of their investment (because these investments are significantly higher than in the B2C market).Examples of Successful B2B Marketing StrategyIncorporation of content and its channels into B2B marketing strategies:Evernote is using e-mail and video marketing to promote and stimulate free trials of their services for other businesses. The campaign comprises out of e-mail recommendation for ‘how-to’ videos on their landing pages with specific features according to the type of business they are targeting.Hubspot launches consecutive e-mail and landing pages campaigns through which they promote free content in forms of e-books and webinars. They are providing insightful knowledge in their field and are thus building engagement towards their business among potential customers.Nokia Solutions and Network Users established a PowerPoint database on Slideshare where they share knowledge and expertise with customers. It is a way of proving authority as well as involvement with target audiences.Petrofac, which is an oil industry company, offers case studies for raising understanding of their a rea of expertise based on the type of service or project a prospect might be interested in. In this way, they are informing prospects but also presenting themselves as expert potential business collaborators.Simply Business have created diverse guides for Google+, social media management and other forms used for marketing optimization. They target their content to small businesses and in doing so promote their services of business insurance.B2B MARKETING DON’TSDont Rush with your B2B CustomersCreating an instantaneous network of customers is not only virtually impossible nowadays but it is also not sustainable if there is no substance in your business. Instead of chasing buyers, take time and focus on building a comprehensive union of expertise, skilled employees and targeted marketing strategies for diverse stages of customer lifecycle which will be based on thorough examination and analysis of the current market. Form a brand and the customers will come. In order to do so, consu lt with experienced brand experts so as to invest the adequate amount of time, money and effort in all of your processes.Simultaneously begin customer engagement processes and create a solid audience base that can be nurtured into customers.Dont Pretend you Have Products you Cannot OfferDo not employ traditional tactics such as deceiving prospect regarding the products or services you offer. Bear in mind that amount of customers is not endless; if you prove to be a fraud (in any sense) you will lose not only your existing prospects, leads and customers but also the chance to bring in new ones (word of mouth travels fast).Dont Copy CompetitionThe quality of service and expertise, as well as the realization of projects, is what differentiate you from competition. Claiming to have something better than your competition or copying their successful endeavours will most likely result in mediocre products and services as well as inconsistency in realization â€" in other words, it will brin g more trouble than profit.Dont Overdo MarketingSocial media in B2B marketing serves as a discussion platform not the presentation of useless information. Hence, your content marketing should promote your products and services but not advertize them â€" content must be built as niche-oriented and customer-focused. Form a comprehensive and all-encompassing marketing strategy with specific objectives every step of the way but make sure you are subtle and useful in your endeavors towards prospects.Dont Overdo with the DataWe have mentioned numerous times the importance of data analysis and documentation of strategies for B2B marketing. However, a massive amount of data which does not have applicable properties and actual value is completely useless. Determine which activities need to be monitored and documented and why. In other words, choose metrics that will be beneficial in the realization of your objectives. Do not collect data for its sake (it is time and finance consuming as well as utterly pointless).While quality and a holistic approach to the market is something highly advisable to entrepreneurs who interact with consumers as it ensures long-term profitability, in the business-to-business market, these properties are a necessity. It is practically impossible to become a brand without careful examination of the market and prospects. By analyzing these observations, you can determine the amounts and types of investment in certain stages of the customer journey and thus structuralize your campaigns in most productive manners. Distribution of content among your prospects will enhance acquisition process as well as attract new prospects and leads. The tools of inbound marketing will enable continuous monitoring of your existing customers and their behavioral patterns that will be beneficial for the establishment of perpetual relations. These relations will influence not only the longevity of your business but also its scope. Consequently, proper marketing man agement can maximize the possibilities of overall business management. 560 â€" Do’s and Donts of B2B Marketing

Genetically Modified Food in Canada Essay - 1511 Words

A trip to any supermarket in Canada will reveal nothing out of ordinary, just the usual of array of fresh and packaged goods displayed in an inviting manner to attract customers. Everything appear familiar and reassuring, right? Think again. A closer microscopic inspection discloses something novel, a fundamental revolution in food technology. The technology is genetic engineering (GE), also known as biotechnology. Blue prints (DNA) of agricultural crops are altered and â€Å"spliced† with foreign genes to produce transgenic crops. Foods harvested from these agricultural plants are called, genetically modified (GM). Presently, Canada has no consumer notification; GM foods are being slipped to Canada’s foods without any labels or adequate risk†¦show more content†¦There is an abundance of GM foods varieties in Canadian market: assortments of corns, soybeans, canola, potatoes and tomatoes. In addition about sixty percent of processed foods are laced with GM mate rials [2]. The driving factor behind plant biotechnology is â€Å"social constructionism†, in which â€Å"social values and institutional domains and their culture shape technology† [Goyder chapter 10]. Bioengineering companies might declare social needs as the motive behind pursuing this technology. In reality, these capitalist institutions possess the much needed economic surplus to invest serve their own desires. The social needs they â€Å"intend† to solve are: world food shortage, increase agricultural productivity, help the environment by eliminating pesticides, improve nutrition of foods. Opponents of biotechnology, scientists, consumer advocates, environmental protection agencies, do not buy this claim. According to them, these reasons are just the pretence to fulfil â€Å"...capitalist’s profit-making via the deployment of technology, [3 Goyder chapter 5]. Most crop developments so far has been â€Å"profit-driven rather than need driven† [4, ten re asons why biotechnology will not ensure food security]. In a capitalistic society, patent laws under constitution permits ownership of seeds, living organisms; genes. Patents permit company like Monsanto could monopolize seed’sShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods1354 Words   |  6 PagesGMO’s Genetically Modified Foods is a new contervserasonal topic on the health on agricultural of the world. It is heavily debated for the reason that it can be seen as a health risk or a major advancement in Agriculture. One on hand, it can be used to increase production, as well has have foods that could be altered to be pest-resistant and greater nutritional values (WHAT ARE THEY). While on the other hand, many consider ‘Safety testing of whole foods is difficult. Generally assessment of ‘safety/toxicity’Read MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Foods1739 Words   |  7 Pagesfor mankind. I strongly agree. Genetically modified foods are defined as foods that are derived from organizations whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally. For instance, this occurs through the introduction of a gene from a different organism into the desired organism. Since 1995, approximately 85 genetically modified foods have been approved in Canada. These include genetically modified foods that have been grown in Canada and imported from various countriesRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )996 Words   |  4 PagesGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) are seeds that are genetically altered in a laboratory before being planted. Later on, they grow into genetically modified (GM) foods. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) A GMO is a plant-based organism, such as seed. However, it has: Genes that are altered to act in a certain way that does not naturally happen OR Contains genes from another plant-based organism History Since 1994, about 85 GM foods have been approved for sale in Canada. This includes GM foodsRead MoreAre Genetically Modified Foods Safe and Nutritious? Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesAre Genetically Modified Foods Safe and Nutritious Genetically modified (GM) foods have taken over the traditional methods of farming by now being planted in over a quarter of the world’s farm land and it is essential that they are labeled for all consumers to see. These genetically modified foods have taken a toll on not only the environment, but human health as well. Those that agree with the genes of crops and other foods being spliced to create a more â€Å"beneficial† product for man state thatRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods ( Gm Foods )1203 Words   |  5 Pages Genetically modified food tendency in market during recent years Genetically modified foods (or GM foods) are foods produced from organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. These techniques have allowed for the introduction of new traits as well as a far greater control over a food s genetic structure than previously afforded by methods such as selective breeding and mutation breeding (GM SCIENCE REVIEW first report P9). The termRead MoreLabeling For The Health Of Americans1601 Words   |  7 Pagespercent of food eaten in the United States contains GMOs, but not many people know what they are actually consuming from their food sources (Prah). Genetically modified organism, also known as genetically modified organisms engineered in a lab by scientists that alter the genes of plants and animals. By fixating DNA from other organisms into America’s food sources, they create substances that are detrimental to the health of human beings. In addition to this, these genetically m odified organismsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Genetically Modified Food1220 Words   |  5 Pagesproducing food for the population. One of these methods is genetically engineering food. Though genetically modified food is consumed by the majority of the American population, one must wonder, what are the ethics of it? How will it affect the consumer and the environment? Based on prior knowledge of this topic, I know that scientists change the genetic makeup of certain foods. I also know that different genes are inserted into different organisms. I imagine that the effects are genetically modifiedRead MoreEssay about Genetically Modified Foods Speech1295 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Genetically Modified Foods GENERAL GOAL: I want to inform my audience. SPECIFIC SPEECH GOAL: I would like to increase the audience’s knowledge of genetically modified foods, their history, and the controversy that it involves. THESIS STATEMENT: I want to inform my audience by explaining exactly what genetically modified foods are, as well as, there intended purpose, history, advantages, disadvantages and controversy surrounding them. Introduction I. Before you eat a meal or snack do youRead MoreEssay on GMO Labeling1697 Words   |  7 Pagestwo decades of the twentieth century, genetically modified organisms (often referred to as GMOs) have been getting mixed reviews from the public. Genetically modified consumer products (primarily food) have pushed the barriers of some peoples comfort levels. Born out of either a lack of knowledge or a sincere concern for public health or the environment, a consumer rights movement has been planted around the world pushing for labeling of genetically modified food products. This movement has maturedRead MoreTo An Anthropologist, Food Is The Basis To Social, Cultural1181 Words   |  5 Pagesanthropologist, food is the basis to social, cultural and biological life, and therefore of the utmost concern to most people (Leng, 2016) however, with the growing population, climate changes and lack of agricultural land we have had to switch our approach to food production. Genetically modified or engineered food has become a heated topic in the media for the past few years as there is not a clear decision on whether their benefits outweigh their concerns. Genetically modified food is a grey area

United States Fight for Freedom - 703 Words

The right of American freedom is most treasured because of past historical events which were highly significant leading up to America’s independence. The Boston Tea Party is considered to be one of the most significant events which led to the Revolutionary War. Some say if the Boston Tea Party had not happened, the Americans may not have made noteworthy historical data. Initially, the event of the Boston Tea Party only seemed inconsequential and rather rebellious, but it was actually the Americans first step towards having their own freedom. It all started with a group of determined colonist not wanting to pay taxes on goods and took action on three British tea ships. This act of defiance, and several key players, inadvertently lead to arguably the most significant act of America’s fight for freedom. During the 1760’s the British Parliament passed a series of acts designed to reduce the British national debt and to finance the costs of keeping regular soldiers o n the American frontier. The most notorious of these was the Stamp Act of 1765, which placed a tax on almost every public piece of paper in the colonies, including: newspapers, pamphlets, diplomas, licenses, packs of cards, almanacs, and dice.1 Initially, because the French and Indian War had lasted so long and was the most costly, the Parliament figured taxing the Americans would help decrease their debt. Little did they know that this would only anger the Americans, and ultimately lead to the revolution. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement and World War II1075 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to president Franklin D. Roosevelt the future world shout be a world that people have essential human freedoms also known as the four freedoms; freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. 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Tobacco took a great amount of work to harvest, but with the slaves help it all got completed. Slaves cost at least three more times than a regular servant for the reason that slavery was their life, it was their job. Regular servants finished their ‘slavery’ time in about 4 years. Slavery really got across the whole country as time passed, and in 1670 the crop, tobacco, tookRead MoreAmerica s Essential Documents Of America1644 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent depending on its history. The Un ited states of America has grown incredibly from its humble beginnings. We’re now one of the greatest superpowers in the world! But our society wasn’t just developed over night; when you look back in history you can find many points in time when someone or something impacted the growth of America. The growth of America has mainly been influenced by the knowledge of our rights, the fight for those rights and freedoms, and the desire to try and extend thoseRead MoreEssay on Fighting for Equality and Freedom1229 Words   |  5 Pagesarose in America’s freedom. The Declaration of Independence stated that â€Å"†¦all men are created equal.† However, the rights for the ‘White Man’ were significantly above all others, and because of this, women and black men lacked the same equality as the ‘White Man’. In WWII, women took up jobs previously held by men, while the African Americans attempted to join the military. They wanted t o assist in the war effort and help defend America to gain their freedom. This freedom for America meant toRead MoreAbolition Slavery And The United State Of America859 Words   |  4 Pages In the 1840s slavery become a big issue in the United State of America. Since passing the Louisiana Purchase, the United State start expanding their land. They took over the Indian Territory by forcing them to leave the country or to relocate in the different city. The expansion of the United State leads to decide some state should be a free slave. In the 1820s, they passed a low that request 36’30 parallel are decided to be a free state. Abolition slavery becomes a question In the American societyRead MoreAmerican606 Words   |  3 Pageshundreds of years the United States has been attracting immigrants from a variety of different countries, races, and religions to come live in a land full of freedom and opportunity. These people were looking for more than just rights and privileges. Their real desire was to become something that represents pride and honor, an American. Being an American means much more than living in the United States. Along with the name come a number o f different benefits such as, freedom of speech to expressRead MoreAfrican American And The American Revolution1277 Words   |  6 Pagesmen are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† The American Revolution is considered one of the greatest and most memorable eras in United States history. Colonist were under the rule of the British which eventually created a problem for them. They came to the realization that being under Great Britain was preventing them from exercising their rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happinessRead MoreRace and Politics in Rebecca Scott’s Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery640 Words   |  3 PagesRebecca Scott’s Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery is a story based on a nineteenth and twentieth century comparative history of two sugar- producing regions. While explaining this, Sc ott mostly focuses on the race and politics. The two places that Scott focuses on is the state of Louisiana in the United States, and the country of Cuba. Scott explains how Louisiana slaves are in a situation where they are trying to fight for freedom against the white Americans in order to gainRead MoreThe Thin Line Between Love And Hate Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pageswars with more in the future. For every war requires soldiers to fight for what they believe in. In most cases the soldiers are on a mission to fight the enemy for their country. Fighting is common between individuals because conflict is inevitable. It can try to be avoided, but as a nation, we can never eliminate it.The way to manage conflict and reduce the damage is less hate and more love. The overall goal of the soldiers is to fight for the interest of the country which is not peace but power. The

Sartre’s Criticisms on Human Essence in the Light of Aristotle’s Philosophy Free Essays

Our ability to engage in abstraction is, indubitably, a unique gift endowed to our human cognition. And the reason for such a telling contention is near to being self-evident: i. e. We will write a custom essay sample on Sartre’s Criticisms on Human Essence in the Light of Aristotle’s Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now , only human persons have the ability to see through otherwise distinct and separate entities, a unifying concept that reveals these things’ common nature, if not their defining essence. To this end, it is necessary to point that our human intellect’s preponderance to abstracting the essences is another facet of human cognition. This is because knowing, akin to seeing, affords us an immediate grasp of reality’s nature and purpose; for by the mere experience of something, say a table, we almost instantly furnish ourselves with a working concept about the thing’s essence – i. e. , we ‘know’ what a table is, what is it for. Thus, it makes sense to say that abstracting essences form part and parcel of both the intuitive and inductive process of a person’s ability to know reality. Our understanding of the concept of essence draws chiefly from the scheme provided by the Greek metaphysics. And herein it would insightful to take cue from Aristotle’s ‘hylemorphic’ framework. According to Aristotle, anything that exists – say, a tree or a dog – is constituted of both an existence and an essence; i. e. , all things both have material and formal constitutions. On the one hand, existence pertains to the act of being, or the facticity of a thing. For example, that table is being actual right when one sees it. On the other hand, essence pertains to the nature of a certain thing. It is that which makes a thing to be what it is; an abstracted concept which makes us see the connection between the entities that we are perceiving (say, a table) and the other things (say, a classroom filled with tables) belonging to the same genre or species (Lavine 71). Essence thus defines the nature of a certain thing or describes the aspect proper to the same. If we proceed with this line of argumentation, we can go on to claim that one can apply the concept of essence to pertain to reality of human persons. From here, we can move to identify conspicuous aspects which may be deemed ‘proper to human persons’, so as to glean what we may call â€Å"human essence† – i. e. , that a person is an existing being, that he shows characteristic elements proper to animals, but that he possess a faculty of intellect and freewill proper to him and him alone. In the ultimate analysis, one can say that the essence defining a human person lies in framing him as a living creature that shares certain characteristic traits of animals, but is endowed nevertheless with the unique faculty of intellect and freewill. Key to this process, it must be argued, is describing the determinate aspects of his very existence. To be sure, we may still identify a good number of characteristic elements that could equally describe what it means to be human person. And surely, we cannot stop at construing fundamental animality and rationality as aspects that sufficiently capture the â€Å"whatness† of humanity; for the reasoned construction of human essences does not entail that we have completely circumscribed the total reality of human persons. That having said, Jean Paul Sartre believes that humanity has no fixed essence. In other words, he believes that humanity cannot be framed within the parameters of determinateness or the limits we impose by construing human essences. At the very least, Sartre contends that we cannot define the contours of what it means to be a person because our freedom determines the unique manner of our very existence. J. Sartre’s contention fundamentally draws from his concept of absolute human freedom. A thinker who belongs to the erstwhile group of philosophers known as Existentialists, Sartre’s philosophy puts higher premium than most on appreciating human existence as a concrete and perpetual striving for one’s own becoming (Marias 436). This means that, for Sartre, we as human persons must constantly appreciate the fact we exist, more than the fact that we have an essence to frame our subsequent courses of actions. Sartre believes that â€Å"we are necessarily free†, and that the burden of â€Å"making† our own human essence lies in the choices that we make (Marias 440). Put in layman’s terms, Sartre believes that our freedom is absolute, and that, even more importantly, the choices we make determine the kind of person that we are. In a way, Sartre reverses the logic of human essence – i. e. , human actions does not flow from one’s own essence; instead, human essence is molded by the actions that we as persons commit to doing. For such reason, and as mentioned earlier, Sartre believes that humanity has no fixed essence. And insofar as the concrete form of our human essence takes cue only from the activities which human persons do, Sartre rests his case on the plain assumption that one’s life cannot be placed within any restricting concepts of essence, for any reason whatsoever (Marias 440-441). There are reasons to think, however, that Sartre may have framed human freedom quite radically and that his wholesale denial of an identifiable human essence may have been taken quite drastically. To this end, strains of Aristotle’s philosophy may be helpful in shedding light into some of the oversights Sartre may have committed in denying the tenability of human essence on account of absolute freedom. Firstly, it may be insightful to be reminded of the fact that Aristotle understands human essence as an aspect of life that does not effectively restrict human capacity to determine one’s path according to the sets of actions a person may willingly opt for. Human essence merely speaks of the kind or quality of existence which is construable from and identifiable in a certain thing (Lavine 71). It merely serves to help man appreciate what kind of creature he is by way of categories and definitions. Conversely, the concept of human essence does not, in any whatsoever, imply an absolute determination of human reality according to these set of classification or categorization. An example may help further situate the conundrum: when someone thinks of man as essentially a spiritual being – i. e. , the capacity for spiritual relations with God belongs properly to the characteristic trait of humanity – one does not rule out the possibility of not believing in God all together. Instead, one merely makes a statement about the humanity’s general preponderance to worshipping a deity, notwithstanding personal choice to dissent. The same goes true for human essence. Sartre thinks that humanity has not a fixed essence on account of a human freedom that determines a resulting human nature. Unfortunately for Sartre, human essence and human freedom are not mutually exclusive. In fact, a person’s freedom is only affirmed, if not accentuated by the fact that the human essence is defined by a tacit acknowledgement of man’s of basic rationality and capacity for freewill. Secondly, Sartre’s contention that human persons have no fixed essence is certainly difficult to argue precisely because human freedom is really not absolute and that humanity’s basic essence does not depend on human choice but on what nature has fundamentally given. Two aspects come into play with in this particular rebuttal. In the first place, Sartre may have taken human freedom quite radically in arguing that it our capacity to determine ourselves must be taken in absolute terms – i. e. , we can do whatever we wish; besides, we are the ones determining our resulting essence in the process. This, unfortunately, is untenable. For instance, if I, born as a human person, were to choose living like a dog, I would probably find certain dog-like activities incongruent with my natural bodily processes. I would find it difficult to bark, let alone walk in a four-legged manner; as these are not consistent with how was I born and raised. The point in contention here lies in arguing that human freedom, contrary to Sartre’s arguments, cannot be taken as an absolute determinant of human nature. On the contrary one may find it difficult to deliberately deviate from the demands of our basic human essence. Such difficulty should bring us more into an appreciation of our human nature not really as an aspect dependent on human choice, but an aspect that is made perfect by the choices that we make. Herein Aristotle’s teleological philosophy appears to take shape. According to Aristotle, essence precedes actions, or essence precedes existence; and that the perfection of all actions comes when they fulfill the essence in question (Marias 74). For instance, when a person uses critical thinking before making a judgment, such an act can be considered as a perfection of the man’s nature as a rational entity. The point in contention here lies in arguing that we cannot really do away with human nature. On the contrary, our actions must run consistent with it; for only when we act according to our nature can our actions be perfected according to our essence. By way of conclusion, I wish to end with a thought that dismisses Sartre’s contention – i. . , that humanity cannot find a common essence proper to himself and himself alone – on account of its patent inability to take into account the true state of human affairs. In the discussions that were developed, it was learned that Sartre’s refutation of human essence stems from his belief that human freedom is absolute, and that human persons are the ones molding their respective essences. However, there are surely good reasons to think that this p hilosophical stances does not hold water. First, it has been argued that the concept of human essence does not in any way defeat the reality of human freedom. Human nature and human freedom, it was argued, are not mutually exclusive. Second, Sartre appears to have neglected the fact that human freedom cannot be equated with the capacity to do what one wishes, regardless of what nature has already given. There is no such thing as an absolute freedom. And in the final analysis, we have to admit that we are bound by a certain essence, no matter how hard try to deviate from it. How to cite Sartre’s Criticisms on Human Essence in the Light of Aristotle’s Philosophy, Papers

Test Bank free essay sample

Feeling for swollen lymph nodes is an example of auscultation. True False 2. We can see through bones with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). True False 3. Histology is the study of structures that can be observed without a magnifying lens. True False 4. Cells were first named by microscopist Robert Hooke. True False 5. All functions of the body can be interpreted as the effects of cellular activity. True False 6. The hypothetico-deductive method is common in physiology, whereas the inductive method is common in anatomy. True False 7. An individual scientific fact has more information than a theory. True False 8. Evolutionary (darwinian) medicine traces some of our diseases to our evolutionary past. True False 9. The terms development and evolution have the same meaning in physiology. True False 10. Organs are made of tissues. True False 11. A molecule of water is more complex than a mitochondrion (organelle). True False 12. Homeostasis and occupying space are both unique characteristics of living things. We will write a custom essay sample on Test Bank or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page True False 13. Positive feedback helps to restore normal function when one of the bodys physiological variables gets out of balance. Negative feedback is a self-amplifying chain of events that tend to produce rapid change in the body. True False 15. Anatomists over the world adhere to a lexicon of standard international terms, which stipulates both Latin names and accepted English equivalents. Test Bank free essay sample Using a steel framework with masonry sheathing, the ________, designed by Louis Sullivan, is thought by many to be the first genuinely modern building. a. Wainwright Building b. Eiffel Tower c. Crystal Palace d. Lever House e. Chrysler Building 2. Two factors that decide the success of any structural system are a. weight and tensile strength. b. the placement of its dome and its pendentives. c. the linear ratio of foundation to wall and wall to roof. d. the tension and compression of each buttress. e. None of these answers is correct. 3. Stacking and piling is another term for . post-and-lintel. b. arch and vault. c. load-bearing construction. d. the mending of stone fences. e. None of these answers is correct. 4. The Langston Hughes Library was designed by a. Le Corbusier. b. I. M. Pei. c. Frank Gehry. d. Maya Lin. e. Frank Lloyd Wright. 5. The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian styles are known as the a. We will write a custom essay sample on Test Bank or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page International style. b. shell system. c. hypostyle. d. Gothic architecture. e. Greek orders. 6. The Byodo-in Temple in Kyoto, Japan, is an elegant example of a. the International style. b. postmodern architecture. c. the Neoclassical style. d. Gothic architecture. e. post-and-lintel architecture. 7. The ability of a material to span horizontal distances with a minimum of support is called a. vaulting. b. tensile strength. c. tension. d. buttressing. e. compression. 8. Built almost 2000 years ago, the ________ is an enduring testament to the Roman use of the arch. a. Pont du Gard at Nimes b. Hagia Sophia c. Reims Cathedral d. Acropolis in Athens e. None of these answers is correct. 9. Built for the World’s Fair in 1889, the ________ was an early experiment in iron construction. a. Wainwright Building b. Crystal Palace c. Eiffel Tower d. Lever House e. Chrysler Building 10. ________ is most famous for his design of the geodesic dome. . Thomas Jefferson b. Anthemius of Tralles c. Joseph Paxton d. Louis Sullivan e. R. Buckminster Fuller 11. The International style emphasizes a. clean lines. b. geometric form. c. avoidance of superficial decoration. d. all of these: clean lines, geometric form, and avoidance of superficial decoration. e. None of these answers is correct. 12. T he following is NOT true about art museum architecture. a. John Russell Pope’s neoclassical National Gallery harmonizes with the other buildings on the Washington, D. C. mall. b. Zaha Hadid’s Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art has two highly contrasting facades. c. Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is clad in titanium. d. John Russell Pope’s National Gallery was initially praised for its innovative style. e. Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum Bilbao design required an aerospace-design computer program. 13. Fallingwater (the Kaufmann House in Bear Run, Pennsylvania) is a prime example of the â€Å"organic† architecture of a. Frank Lloyd Wright. b. Le Corbusier. c. Frank Gehry. d. I. M. Pei. e. John Russell Pope. 14. A ________ is a horizontal form supported at only one end. a. cornice b. keystone c. pendentive d. flying buttress e. cantilever 15. ________ rotated 360 degrees on its axis is called a dome. . A pier b. An arch c. A capital d. A portico e. A vault 16. When a large hall is built using post-and-lintel construction methods, the resulting â€Å"virtual forest of columns† is called a a. nave. b. barrel vault. c. hypostyle hall. d. groin vault. e. portico. 17. The two basic families of structural syste ms in architecture are a. the Postmodern and Classical. b. the pier and cantilever. c. the shell and the skeleton-and-skin. d. the Romanesque and the Greek. e. the Modern and Postmodern. 18. The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian styles of columns were developed by the Greeks in the ________ centuries B. C. E. , respectively. a. 10th, 9th, and 8th b. 7th, 6th, and 4th c. 3rd, 2nd, and 1st d. 5th, 2nd, and 1st e. 5th, 3rd, and 1st 19. According to the author, a ________ is actually an arch extended in depth, as if there are â€Å"many arches placed flush one behind the other. † a. buttress b. pediment c. volute d. barrel vault e. pier 20. Builders of Gothic cathedrals reinforced the walls of their architecture from the outside with a. piers. b. Corinthian columns. c. flying buttresses. d. groin vaults. e. both piers and flying buttresses. References Holsapple, Clyde W., et al. Instructor’s manual with test bank to accompany decision support systems: a knowledge-based approach. West Publishing, 1996. Frenkel, Gerald, et al. Test Bank for Nelson and Cox, Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. Worth Publishers, 2000. Campbell, Neil A., et al. Test Bank for Biology: Concepts Connections. Benjamin/Cummings, 1994. Seligman, Linda, and Diana S. Gibb. Test Bank and Videotape Handbook to Accompany Systems, Strategies, and Skills of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Merrill/Prentice Hall, 2001. Williams, Eleanor R., and Caliendo Mary Alice. Test bank to accompany Nutrition: principles, issues, and applications. McGraw-Hill, 1984. Pride, William M., and Odies Collins Ferrell. Marketing, basic concepts and decisions: Test bank. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH), 1980. Ormrod, Jeanne Ellis. Educational psychology: Developing learners. Pearson Higher Ed, 2013. Shengquan, Yu, and He Kekang. Design and Realization of the Network Test Bank System [J]. CHINA DISTANCE EDUCATION 9 (2000): 017. White, Stuart C., and Michael J. Pharoah. Oral radiology: principles and interpretation. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014.

Free Essays on Racism

RACISM Racism is a certain kind of prejudice, based on faulty reasoning and inflexible generalizations toward a specific group. The word prejudice comes from the Latin noun praejudicium, which means a judgment based on previous decisions formed before the facts were known. If a person allows their prejudiced beliefs to block the progress of another, it is discrimination. Those who exclude all members of a race from certain types of employment, housing, political rights, educational opportunities, or a social interactions are guilty of racial discrimination. Racism is an undeserved fear or dislike of a people because of their ethnic heritage. When color is not a reason, other reasons such as language, religion, nationality, education, sex, or age become the reason of prejudice. Sociologists, historians, anthropologists and archeologists believe racial discrimination happens more often and most harshly when two groups with different skin colors and unique physical features come into contact with each other and the two compete for the same thing. History shows that all attempts at a racial dominance result in conflict and avoidance. But, some communities without disturbed racial conflict can take advantage of all its citizens potential and move toward elimination. The most effective way which I believe this issue can start to be stopped is by talking it out rationally without involving racism at that point in time and bringing everybody together as equal as the next. Not being able to defend yourself against the hurt that people can put a person through, can scar you for life. We need to see what the world is doing to each other and instead of turning to violence or some other kind of defense to get even. It would be easier if we just come together as one and help the people who are discriminated against in understanding that they are not what people say they are. From birth to about age twelve, children collect information a... Free Essays on Racism Free Essays on Racism Throughout the history of the country, America has been considered a fairly racist union. Undoubtedly the greatest injustice in the United States to this day is the white’s treatment of African-Americans, specifically slavery. The vast majority of non-black people of that time believed that blacks were not equal to other races. White Americans of the slavery period specifically held this view. It was nearly impossible for a black to live free in America, and it was even more difficult for a black to find a job. As time passed, however, many people began to change their views on race relations in America. After slavery was abolished, fewer and fewer people believed that they were supreme over the African-American race. Not only were blacks free, they were becoming accepted as people in our society. They were even becoming accepted in the workplace. Many employers were no longer bothered by giving a job to an African-American. America seemed to finally be turning around for the better. After all, African-Americans only asked for equality, and they were getting closer and closer to that goal with each passingday. Suddenly, however, some people began to lose sight of the mission they set out to accomplish. Instead of just trying to make America equal, they felt that they should attempt to make up for the times when it was not. Many places in society, such as the workplace, the court system, and the entertainment industry, seem to have shifted to being easier for blacks to advance themselves in than whites. The intent, to improve race relations in America, was good. The problem that comes about, however, is that it begins to enter people’s minds that it is better to be black than it is to be white. African-Americans should certainly feel confident with themselves, but they should not be given a reason to feel superior, either. Nobody should be able to feel superior to another person simply because of race. Everything that this country ha... Free Essays on Racism Where do thoughts come from? I don’t think there is really one specific answer for this question, but I have often found myself looking for one. It usually happens when I’m at school, volleyball practice or sometimes while thinking quietly to myself that my mind begins to wander off and ends up in a place I never thought it would be. Immediately I am puzzled about how and why I arrived at this point. I then try to retrace the steps of my thought process in an attempt to discover how, for example, I am so affixiated on what shoes I wore two days go in the middle of taking a math exam. This process of â€Å"spacing out† is similar to thought I process I had when choosing a topic for this paper. Although I have never read Richard Wright’s novel Native Son, while reading the introduction for this novel, I began to think about the origin of racism. Not just when racism began during the days of slavery or the Holocaust, but actually where the word race ca me from and why it was associated with the discrimination of people. I began to think about the word’s true definition. The concept of race is by no means a new concept, and is one that has come up recently in many of my classes. On the first day of my American Studies 185 class my professor wrote the word language on the blackboard. My professor then defined it as loaded, having baggage and carrying many different meanings. Never having heard language described in this way, my professors’ statement intrigued me. I thought about not only the many different languages which are spoken right here in America, but how within one language a single word can and does have many different meanings. Such meanings go beyond the definitions found in a dictionary because a word in any language is assigned a different meaning each time it is spoken and heard. A word becomes either negative or positive based on the tone in which it is said or the way in which it is perceived. It is ... Free Essays on Racism Racism: The Disease of the Land â€Å"Racism has been to human relationships what cancer has been to human existence. It is a disease that eats away at the very fabric of humanity itself. Rather than ending in the death of a mortal being, it usually culminates in war. A war of Nations Against Nations, People against People,† Oscar Peterson. Racism is something that has been a part of our world since the beginning of time. Many of us may think that it has really gotten better. The question is has it really gotten any better? I personally feel that no one has a reason to be racist. I am writing this essay to help people understand that there are people of all different races and colors, but we are all the same. Whether people realize it or not, the number one reason most people are racist is skin color. There are also those people who are still dwelling on the past, during the time of slavery. Although many may feel they have a good reason to be racist, there is no good reason t o hate a group of people. One of the main causes of racism is pride in one’s own race. For some reason, many racist people tend to think that there is something different between the different races. I think it is not only just the color of the skin that is the problem but the fact that there was once a time when they ruled just about everything. They owned blacks as slaves and now we are free and are able to live as they do. Some people can not adjust to that. In addition, they think if they put blacks down it would make their race stronger. Racism is but one of the largest problems in our society. It is used in so many different ways that many people are not aware. When will there be an end to this, many of us may wonder. In my opinion, it will go on forever. There does not seem to be too many people who really want to put an end to this controversy. Most of us do not realize how serious racism is and what it is doing to our society. In addition, if people do no... Free Essays on Racism Social Unjust Cause and Effect Paragraph How can the color of someone’s skin, rely on who they are and how they should be treated? The color of blood is the color of life, and red is the color that everyone shares, no matter what ethnicity they belong to. Martin Luther King states, â€Å"An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the Moral Law.† In society, an example of a social unjust that is of the past and present is racism. Racism is more prominent in the past than the present, but it all roots back to slavery. Rich, white, American farm owners would go to Africa and take Africans back to their farms and use them for labor. The farm owners would mistreat them just because of the color of their skin. The problem was mostly in the south, but even through slavery has been abolished, racism is still a problem. During the time of Martin Luther King’s letter, blacks had practically no rights in America. Segregation was a very common thing, and it was also an unjust law. America had mad e a law saying that all public facilities would be separated, one marked â€Å"white† and the other marked â€Å"colored.† One of the reasons that racism is still very common today is from adults teaching racism to children. During that time, even teachers had separated black children from white children in the classrooms. The white children would grow up feeling a sense of inferiority towards blacks. The white man’s opinion of blacks would be taught to his children and the cycle would go on. Since initially the cause of racism was slavery, there have been long-term effects that still linger on to this day. The effect of segregation, today, is the displacement that people have towards people of color. There has been a predisposed stereotype given to children from their parents, and they are raised thinking that people of color are always of a lower status. Racism today especially in the northern part of America has calmed down qu... Free Essays on Racism According to the chain of life the lion is known as the â€Å"King of the Jungle†. This hierarchy starts at the top with the lion; superior to all; and ends at the bottom with the smallest, the teeny insect. This chain of life seems natural and harmless. However, it is different for humans; that is Racism! Racism is the belief that human beings can be divided in to races and one race is inferior to another. One who believes in racism is racist. Because racists believe they above or superior, they feel they deserve special rights and privileges. Racism is a belief. There is no known fact, or scientific evidence support, agree, or back up the claims of superiority. Racism is worldwide and it has caused major problems. Due to the belief of racism, racial superiority: discrimination, prejudice, apartheid, segregation, racial profiling, slavery and genocide have resulted. Many people do not look for the same qualities in other groups that they admire in their own. Even so, they don ’t recognize the different yet impartially worthy qualities that other groups have. Racism has walked a long road; its form and face have changed as well. Racism is not the hierarchy of the jungle, it is the division of man. To accurately pinpoint the origin of racism, would be ludicrous. However, one of the most influential thinkers of racism was Joseph - Arthur Comte de Gobineau. In the middle of the 19th century, Arthur published a four volume Essay on the Inequality of Human Races. He taught that superiority of white race over all others. Many others also followed this racist claim: Lathrop Stoddard, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Ludwig Woltmann, and Madison Grant. Their belief excluded many by status, family, religion, or nation. Gradually, the terms â€Å"race† and â€Å"class† became interchangeable. As this approach became popular, â€Å"races† were characterized by skin or hair type. Also accompanying characteristics of intelligence, physical ability, sexua... Free Essays on Racism Most of these feelings towards another of a different skin color are deeply rooted in our minds from previous generations. Many, many years ago, African-Americans were used as slaves. The slave owners treated them badly. The owner’s own children then grew up with the same ideals and passed them on to the new generation. Through the years, people have spoke out about these ill-conceived ideas making the ominous threat of racism more discreet than ever before. While in a search online, I discovered a numbered list of Klu Klux Klan, Aryan, Skinhead, and many other white supremacist groups. I was shocked when I saw how many this one list had. It listed over 800 different groups. I know that number is not nearly accurate because there are many smaller groups that have not yet made themselves known publicly. Even people that do not belong in these racially biased groups perform some acts of racism. Racial profiling- the discriminatory practice by police of treating blackness (or brown-ness) as an indication of possible criminality. "Driving While Black (or brown)" is a campaign started by the American Civil Liberties Union because a study showed that minorities only make up 16% of all drivers, yet they are 74% of all drivers stopped and searched. Generally, only 12 to 13 percent of the U.S. citizens are African American, although Black inmates make up 40.29 percent of death row's population. As of 1996, there have been 232 citizens executed under the death penalty since 1977. Only one white person has been put to death for the murder of a black person. One perfect example of true racial profiling and discrimination is this next story. Danny Glover, a famous African-American actor, was in New York City. It was late at night and he was trying to hail a cab. None of the cabs would stop and pick him up because of the fact that he was an African-American male. Stereotypical views like those of the cabby’s are not rare. When a black perso... Free Essays on Racism PERSUASIVE WRITING Topic: Racism The basis of all racism is ignorance and ignorance knows no country or colour. Is it possible that outward appearance or â€Å" looks† are what we judge people by? The evolved, apparently modern and superior Western world is actually backward and primitive; how could intellectual, profound, clever people discriminate and categorize others by beliefs, physical aspects, nationalities or sex ? Remember the holocaust. Take a moment to reflect on how many people were killed, a whole society demolished, and who authorized it ? Who tried to stop it ? How many people rebelled ? How many had the guts to risk their own lives in order to save a population ? Very few. The evolution of our world has caused us to become spoilt, unappreciative and selfish, our main priority is personal privileges and profits: anything or anyone who is different from us, unfamiliar, is considered wrong, unacceptable â€Å" less worthy†. What kind of social philosophy is that ? Unfortunately one that dominates the Western world and causes people to live in harsh, depressing and completely unfair conditions with limited possibilities of succeeding in life, simply because the so called cultured society decided that they don’t fit into the restricted categories of idealistic perfection which in fact, ironically enough we ourselves don’t belong to either. Racism is reinforced and perpetuated through the media in subliminal ways: lyrics of songs, poems, movies, literature, these are all means of communication which influence the public and fortify negative thought patterns by glorifying racist behaviour. Racism has been alive throughout our history from the Ku- Klux clan in the 1900’s who persecuted and murdered blacks and Catholics, to slavery, right up to present day with conflicts between different beliefs. After the tragedy on September 11th that occurred in America but effected the soul of the entire world, and left... Free Essays on Racism Racism (according to Webster’s Dictionary) is an excessive and irrational belief in or advocacy of the superiority of a given group of people or nation on racial grounds alone. Racism in this country has been a problem since the beginning of civilization in America. Although not all people have a prejudice to others it still has affected our culture and equality dramatically. Frantz Fanon, Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Langston Hughes are some of the people that spoke and fought for the â€Å"All men are created equal† vision. Unity is the pillar and foundation of our struggle to end the misery, which is caused by the oppression which, is our greatest enemy. This repression and the violence it creates can not be ended if we fight and attack each other. Racism bloats and disfigures the face of the culture that practices it. Racism belongs in a characteristic whole: that of the shameless exploitation of one group of men by another that has reached a higher stage of technical development that legitimizes racism. The habit of considering racism as a mental quirk, as a psychological flaw must be abandoned. Fanon argues that racism is a singularly important consequence of colonial rule, a result of the â€Å"shameless exploitation† of one group by another. Fanon speaks with the understanding that racism generates harmful psychological constructs that both blind the black man to his subjection to a universalized white norm and alienate his consciousness. A racist culture prohibits psychological health in the black man. Fanon states that â€Å"If culture is the combination of motor and mental behavior patterns arising from the encounters of man with nature and with his fellow man, it can be said that racism is indeed a cultural element. There are thus cultures with racism and cultures without racism†. In his Letter from Birmingham City Jail, Martin Luther King Jr. stated that â€Å" Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice ever... Free Essays on Racism RACISM Racism is a certain kind of prejudice, based on faulty reasoning and inflexible generalizations toward a specific group. The word prejudice comes from the Latin noun praejudicium, which means a judgment based on previous decisions formed before the facts were known. If a person allows their prejudiced beliefs to block the progress of another, it is discrimination. Those who exclude all members of a race from certain types of employment, housing, political rights, educational opportunities, or a social interactions are guilty of racial discrimination. Racism is an undeserved fear or dislike of a people because of their ethnic heritage. When color is not a reason, other reasons such as language, religion, nationality, education, sex, or age become the reason of prejudice. Sociologists, historians, anthropologists and archeologists believe racial discrimination happens more often and most harshly when two groups with different skin colors and unique physical features come into contact with each other and the two compete for the same thing. History shows that all attempts at a racial dominance result in conflict and avoidance. But, some communities without disturbed racial conflict can take advantage of all its citizens potential and move toward elimination. The most effective way which I believe this issue can start to be stopped is by talking it out rationally without involving racism at that point in time and bringing everybody together as equal as the next. Not being able to defend yourself against the hurt that people can put a person through, can scar you for life. We need to see what the world is doing to each other and instead of turning to violence or some other kind of defense to get even. It would be easier if we just come together as one and help the people who are discriminated against in understanding that they are not what people say they are. From birth to about age twelve, children collect information a... Free Essays on Racism The focus of this paper is the inequality involving racism. Racism exists because of a combination of prejudice and discrimination. Racism is a social problem that still occurs today, against entire ethnic groups in most cases. Causes, examples and wide ranging effects of racism will be examined in this paper. What contributes to racism? The first thing is prejudice, which is an unjustified prejudgement about a group of people. Having a prejudice attitude, which usually tries to make one group better than another group. Prejudice exists against many groups, especially blacks and jews. Members of these groups are often stereotyped, which is an ignorant action against these people. McIntyre argues that â€Å"Prejudice is a negative and persistent judgement based on scant or incorrect information about people in a group. Prejudice involves beliefs and attitudes. More technically, we might define it this way: prejudice is a negative or hostile attitude towards a person who belongs to a group, simply because he or she have the objectionable qualities ascribed to the group.† (1999 : 222) Yet, the functionalist perspective on prejudice states that prejudice must be developed, because it is necessary for solidarity, and to distinguish between groups. The second thing that contribut es to racism is discrimination, which involves behavior, instead of attitudes and beliefs. Yet there is no evidence that prejudiced attitudes will become discriminatory behaviors, as Allport (1954) argues that what people actually do in relation to groups they dislike is not always directly related to what they think or feel about them. Two employers, for example, may dislike jews to an equal degree. One may keep his feelings to himself and may hire jews on the same basis of any workers– perhaps because he wants to gain goodwill for his factory or store in the Jewish community. The other may translate his dislike into his employment policy, and refuse... Free Essays on Racism The sizzling streams of sunlight were just beautifully glimmering down on the crisp green school yard. Such a wonderful day that was. Nothing could have ruined it. Little Jimmy, since it was such a wonderful day decided to go to the corner store and buy himself a little treat. As little Jimmy started walking over to the store, clouds flocked over the dazzling sun and the sudden pitch dark meant no trouble. On the other side of the road were three white boys from Jimmy's same school. Upon recognizing Jimmy, the boys ran over the street to where he was. "Hey Negro, what's up?", one of the white Boy said. "Did your mamma pack you enough to eat to-day?", another hooted. "Just leave me alone.", Little Jimmy said "Oh no, Jimmy's really getting pist off!?", the first boy retaliated. "Just shove off and let me be," Jimmy answered. It is like this everyday, everywhere, and everytime, people suffer discrimination. All because they have differences amongst each other. Different beliefs, differe nt cultures, different skin colour, all of these act like building blocks to help construct what we know as Racism. Racism has become one of the many burdens amongst multi-cultural worlds like Canada and the States. Racism is a part of each and every one of us. No doubt, we are all racist, but this the term racism has been used too loosely. Racism has been mutated to such an extent that it could be a reason for war, a symbol of terrorism, and even an excuse for neglecting. Is that all there is to it? No, actually it is just the beginning. Racism is just like warfare in which there is no shelter and nobody is neutral. Nobody is exempt from this demon. He has haunted us with a bitter curse. On one occasion I remember, nobody would play with me at school. I would walk around by myself and ask people if we could play together. Everywhere that I went, like the process of induction, everyone would avoid me. Like two inducted poles with the same polarity, they ... Free Essays on Racism Racism is the most important and persistent social problem in America and in the world today. It is on the rise in increasing ways. Whether we are talking about ethnic cleansings, group hatred or retraction of equity laws under the guise that these are unfair, the underlying issue is the same. One group, threatened by the perceived loss of power, exercises social, economic and political muscle against the other to retain privilege by restructuring for social advantage. Such actions and efforts call for an understanding of the basic concepts of prejudice and racism, and how to lessen their destructive effect. It is a normal human response to racial, social, sexual and other forms of differences, because all human beings tend to prejudge others on the basis of limited knowledge, especially if they are different from us. Most of what passes for prejudice in society is the result of ignorance of other groups and their way of life and social condition. Because of the way American society is presently structured, most Whites have almost no conceptual idea nor first-hand experience of life in the African American and Latino communities. This is because the prevailing norms of separation and segregation that prevent people of different racial/ethnic groups from interacting with each other in a meaningful and positive way perpetuate this ignorance of groups, which in turn gives rise to attitudes of prejudice. What we have in American society is the problem of maintaining stereotypes and actions of discrimination which dehumanize, and in many ways make less of human beings. We must stop seeking to mold people after distorted human images and allow them the right to be born into the beautiful image of God, thereby bringing about a divine corrective to a dehumanized and dehumanizing world. It is then and only then, that we will have some semblance of a chance to end prejudice and racism. White people are often ones to be racist agai... Free Essays on Racism The issues of race and ethnic identity have always been central to American society, yet at the same time our American identity as a â€Å"melting pot† has in part been forged by denying this as the principal basis of our identity. Racism has been a pervasive and disturbing reality throughout American society. How do we respond morally to the fact that racism exists in our society and to the role that it has played in our history? One response suggests, â€Å"we owe compensation to those who have been wronged in the past†(CMI P.258). Compensation programs seek to determine who has been wronged in the past and to make up for it in the present and future. An example of a program aimed to provide some kind of special support, consideration, or advantage to groups that have previously been discriminated against is Affirmative Action. Instead of monetary compensation for the injustices women and minorities have endured throughout history, Affirmative Action seeks to en sure that these groups are not discriminated against in the work force or in education by establishing racial quotas for firms and universities. It also creates more diversity at the work place and at colleges and universities. On the other hand, many will argue that preferential treatment promotes racism. It is often referred to as reverse discrimination. Many argue the fact that Affirmative Action maximizes the likelihood that blacks hired for a job, or admitted to a university, will be less capable than the whites beside them. The most common objection to Affirmative Action is that the job should go to the most qualified candidate. Why should a person who is less qualified for a job get hired over a better-qualified person just because that company has to meet a certain racial quota? Another argument is that such programs have created resentment and animosity among non-minorities, especially white males. In addition, Affirmative Action programs have sti... Free Essays on Racism The history of the United States is one of duality. In the words of the Declaration of Independence, our nation was founded on the principles of equality in life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Yet, long before the founders of the newly declared state met in Philadelphia to espouse the virtues of self-determination and freedom that would dubiously provide a basis for a secessionary war, those same virtues were trampled upon and swept away with little regard. Beneath the shining beacon of freedom that signaled the formation of the United States of America was a shadow of deception and duplicity that was essential in creating the state. The HSS 280 class lexicon defines duality as â€Å"a social system that results from a worldview which accepts inherent contradictions as reasonable because this is to the believer’s benefit.† The early years of what would become the United States was characterized by a system of duality that subjugated and exterminated peoples for the benefit of the oppressors. This pattern of duality, interwoven into our culture, has created an dangerously racialized society. From the first moment a colonist landed on these shores, truths that were â€Å"self-evident† were contingent on subjective â€Å"interpretation.† This discretionary application of rights and freedoms is the foundation upon which our racially stratified system operates on. English colonists, Africans, and Native Americans comprised the early clash of three peoples. Essentially economic interests, and namely capitalism, provided the impetus for the relationships that developed between the English colonists, the Africans, and the Native Americans. The colonialization of North American by the British was essentially an economic crusade. The emergence of capitalism and the rise of trade throughout the 16th century provided the British with a blueprint to expand its economic and political sphere. The Americas...

Names of World Cities in Spanish

Names of World Cities in Spanish Its obvious why the American city of Philadelphia is spelled Filadelfia in Spanish: the spelling change helps make certain that the citys name is pronounced correctly. Less obvious is why the British capital of London is Londres to Spaniards or, for that matter, why Americans think of the German city of Mà ¼nchen as Munich. In any case, numerous major and noteworthy cities worldwide are known by different names in Spanish than in English. With the Spanish names in boldface, here are some of the most common ones: Addis Ababa - Addis AbebaAdelaide - AdelaidaAlexandria - Alejandrà ­aAlgiers - ArgelAthens - AtenasBaghdad - BagdadBeijing - Pekà ­nBelgrade - BelgradoBerlin - Berlà ­nBerne - BernaBethlehem - Belà ©nBogota - BogotBucharest - BucarestCairo - El CairoCalcutta - CalcutaCape Town - Ciudad del CaboCopenhagen - CopenhagueDamascus - DamascoDublin - Dublà ­nGeneva - GinebraHavana - La HabanaIstanbul - EstambulJakarta - DjakartaJerusalem - Jerusalà ©nJohannesburg - JohanesburgoLisbon - LisboaLondon - LondresLos Angeles - Los ngelesLuxembourg - LuxemburgoMecca - La MecaMoscow - Moscà ºNew Delhi - Nueva DelhiNew Orleans - Nueva OrleansNew York - Nueva YorkParis - Parà ­sPhiladelphia - FiladelfiaPittsburgh - PittsburgoPrague - PragaReykjavik - ReikiavikRoma - RomaSeoul - Seà ºlStockholm - EstocolmoThe Hague - La HayaTokyo - TokioTunis - Tà ºnezVienna - VienaWarsaw - Varsovia This list shouldnt be viewed as inclusive. Not included are cities that use City in their English names, such as Panama City and Mexico City, which are usually referred to as Panam and Mà ©xico in their respective countries. Note also that practices vary among Spanish writers in placing accented vowels within foreign names. For example, the U.S. capital is sometimes written as Wshington, but the unaccented version is more common. Spellings in this list are those that appear to be the most commonly used. However, some publications may use alternate spellings of some names.

Eat2Eat Case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Eat2Eat Case analysis - Essay Example Indirectly therefore, there are two groups of clients that the company serves. The first of these are the restanrants to whom Eat2Eat.com gives buyers to. The second are the buyers or online users of the website who make the actual reservations. However, in the context of this case analysis, much of reference to clients shall refer to the latter. Eat2Eat.Com uses a business model that grinds on the whiles of promotion of fine dining in the Asia Pacific region through the use of internet-based portal. This business model requires that the company works directly with subscribers to their website, such that the more subscribers the company has, the more customers they have and thus the more profits the will make. Presently, this business model has been introduced in nine identical geographic markets, spanning around countries in the Asia Pacific region and abroad. As far as the Asia Pacific region is concerned, this business model could be described as unique as it is the first of its k ind in the region. Fortunately, Eat2Eat.Com has received positive results from a brand recognition that has been established in the region in the last five years, leading to increases in sales at a rate of 42% from 2004 - 2005 Specific strategy that the company is using to implement its business model The implementation of the said business model has revolved around the use of specific strategies, which are discussed in this section of the writing. Generally, the strategy used by the company was based on two major factors, which are market segmentation and approach to market (Browne and Cudeck, 1992). As far as market segmentation is concerned, there was a strategy to focus solely on what Aggawal referred to as first-tier restaurants. These are restaurants perceived to be of the higher class status that are moderately expensive, popular and accepts reservations (Wofford and Liska, 1993). Much of the strategy used on the market segment was personalized as Aggawal made personal approa ches to these restaurants to personally win their indulgence and approval to be supplied with reservations. Reviews on the restaurants were also undertaken on a personalized basis by Aggawal and his employees. As far as approach to market is concerned, Eat2Eat had a strategy o focusing mainly on corporate customers rather than personal customers. This is because most of these corporate institutions made reservations for diners for various programs and activities. However with time, personal customers would be included because within the various companies, about 15% of employees would register to be part of the service. Out of the 15%, 10% of registered employees would eventually become active members on the company’s website. The strategy has also fairly involved the incorporation of services whereby customers looking for online reservations are automatically redirected to the website of Eat2Eat.Com. Another important feature is when the company went mobile, operating on mobi le devices. In totality however, it would be noted that the company is currently operating a focused culture strategy that takes all its inspiration from the Asia Pacific region. Effectiveness of the management team and CEO are in implementing the business model Availability of company statistics, financial statements and research data makes it very easy to assess the effectiveness of th

Please briefly elaborate on one of your extracurricular activities or Essay - 1

Please briefly elaborate on one of your extracurricular activities or work experiences - Essay Example One of the important information that I gained in the business is ensuring safety in the workplace. Oil is highly flammable and it is an important matter to secure all the areas to avoid accidents which could damage the company or worse, kill people. One of the vital things one has to check daily in the oil business is leaks, to keep the working environment safe. The business has a lot of delicate and meticulous jobs and the information I gained in my few months stay with the oil company has been very limited. Nevertheless, I believe it is a good start for me as I continue to consider the processes I have to go through to gain all the knowledge and skills I need in managing my own oil company. One thing is for sure, that the experience I gained from the work was illuminating and it has strengthened my will power all the more to continue in pursuing my

Teenage Drinking and Its Effects on the Development of Alcoholism Later

Teenage Drinking and Its Effects on the Development of Alcoholism Later Teenage drinking is something that goes on every day. No matter how many videos you show to kids about drinking they will still drink. Surveys show that the average teen seventeen and up spends $475.00 a year on liquor, mostly beer; that's more than books, soda, coffee, juice and milk combined. Most parents don't know about teenage drinking unless they catch their kids doing it. Parents usually say "oh, my my kid would never do that ", and they're the ones whose kids probably drink more that the average teen. One might ask, how do kids get alcohol? Alcohol is almost as easy to get as a carton of milk, except a teen has to get someone older like a friend, brother or even someone off of the street to purchase it. Another way underage teens get alcohol is a fake I.D. A lot of stores don't care, they just need to ask for an I.D. because they are being watched by security cameras. No matter what city your are in, one in every five stores will sell beer to a minor. If stores stop selling t o minors they would lose a lot of business. Looking at the surveys I took at Lincoln on this topic it can been seen what teens think about teenage drinking. The results were shocking! The first Question I asked was "Have you ever drank alcohol?" Of the students surveyed, 16% said no and 84% said yes. The second question was, "How often do you drink?" The results were on the average three to four drinks a week. The third question was, "How much do you usually drink?" The average number of beers was eight and the average number of shots was seven. The fourth question was, "Have you ever drank alcohol before driving and 68% said yes! One of the last questions I asked was, "What would you do if you killed someone drinking and driving?" The majority replied that they could not live with themselves. Just through talking to people and going to parties, I have seen most people drink to get drunk, not many people drink just a drink or two. Many students don't feel that drinking is a crime be cause they are not hurting any one unless they are driving drunk. Drinking is a crime and there are many penalties for the teen who chooses to break the law. For a first time offender a teen would be taken to jail , finger printed, and photographed. At the time of arrest, if drunk, one could be taken to detoxification (detox) ... ...His mother is a recovering alcoholic so he was familiar with what happened when he would lose control when he drank. His mother was very aware of the signs. His grades went down, he started skipping classes, he lied to his mother, he was hanging out with friends who drank a lot and were always in trouble. Fortunately, he was given a second chance and he is in a program that is helping him recover. Teen drinking and alcoholism can be treated if treatment is started early. There is no known cure for alcoholism, but alcoholics can lead productive lives with help. There are many organizations that can help alcoholics such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). and Rational Recovery Systems. There are also organizations that promote abstinence from drinking such as S.A.D.D. (Students Against Drunk Driving) and M.A.D.D. (Mothers Against Drunk Driving). It is important for parents to be aware of what their children are doing and who their friends are. Teenagers need to continue to be educated on the effects of alcohol and the dangerous situations it causes. Sources: #1. 1994 Monitoring the Future survey #2. Class notes Bibliography #1. 1994 Monitoring the Future survey #2. Class notes

Hannibal Barca

As to the transcendent military genius of Hannibal there cannot be two opinions. The man who for fifteen years could hold his ground in a hostile country against several powerful armies and a succession of able generals must have been a commander and a tactician of supreme capacity' Robert Garland – Though this claim may seem questionable to our post Handballs world, It was moreover the experience of the Second Punic War the first stimulated the Romans to write a national history.Populous chose BBC to begin narrative of Romeos take over of the Mediterranean – It is largely due to Hannibal defeat at Zamia that we stand here today as the heirs of Garage Romano culture.Had Gossip lost there is no guarantee that the Carthaginian would have incorporated Hellenic culture into their livelihood – It was the Hannibal war which drew he Romans Into the Greek orbit as never before who – Arguably Hannibal greatest legacy is that he left Rome with no serious rival †“ Linda -Marie Gunter writes that Hannibal historical importance lies In the fact hat he brought to light to his contemporaries and to later generations the restlessness s of Romeos politics of alliance and expansion – Live on Romeos condition after Canaan. The consuls and two consular armies had been destroyed and there was no longer any Roman camp or any general. – On Toynbee – an instance of an attempt to attach blame for a historical event on a single individual, and few historians or environmentalists would today treat the clan seriously – Poet Juvenile – the man whom Africa could not contain, who added Scallop to his empire, who leapt over the Presses.

The Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimension Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6802 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section defines culture, its importance in international business and the various cultural dimensions for working globally. The next section describes the culture of India and U.K. and reviews the impact of culture on the working of Hilton Hotel Group in both the countries. Finally, it ends with a brief summary. 3.2 CULTURE Hofstede (2003) defines culture as the collective programming of mind that distinguishes the members of one human group from another. It is evident that people from diverse environment can misunderstand each other. When two people interact in an organization, culture characterizes their behaviour and attitude towards others. When a company plans to start a business in abroad, employees with good communication skills and with the ability to adapt into new environment are chosen to travel and interact with people of various cultures and nationalities. (Mead, 1992) Table 3.1 World population percentages in terms of home region, language, and religion Home Region % Language % Religion % Asia 58.4 Mandarin 14.4 Christianity 33 Africa 12.4 Hindi 6.0 Islam 22 Europe 9.5 English 5.5 Hinduism 15 Latin America 8.4 Spanish 5.6 Non- Religious 14 Former Soviet Bloc 5.5 Bengali 3.4 Buddhism 6 North America 5.2 Russian 2.8 Chine se Tradition 4 Australia and NZ 0.6 Japanese 2.0 Primal-indigenous 3 German 1.6 Other 3 French 1.3 Other 54.4 Sources: www.census.gov ; www.adherents.com. This table shows the division of worlds population according to Region, Language and Religion which are the major aspects of determining ones culture. Taylor (1870) defines culture as that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society. Culture plays a very important role in business. All civilizations have its own cultural elements like language, religion, values, attitude, customs, education, aesthetics and social institutions. (Czinkota, 2007) Culture passes from one generation to the other, however it can vary from one group to the other. Every society has its own point of view and opinion about various situations; however, it acts as a barrier to communication. (Daniels, Lee and Sullivan, 2004) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimension Business Essay" essay for you Create order 3.2.1. CULTURAL DIMENSIONS Geert Hofstede Cultural dimensions Geert Hofstede, a much known professor carried out the study of impact of culture on individuals at a workplace. It took him six years to complete this study as it consists of interviews of more than 100,000 employees from 70 countries. According to Hofstede 2004, the UK has 35 points in power distance, 89 in individualism, 66in masculinity, 35 in uncertainty avoidance and 25 in long term orientation. Power Distance -According to Hofstede, 2004, Inequality exists in every culture; however the extent to which less powerful members of the society agree to the inequality differs from one culture to the other. Power distance is related to the different solutions to the basic problem of human inequality High power creates less communication amongst the bosses and employees whereas when the power is low, employees communicate more with their superiors for the decision making purposes. Individualism vs. collectivism- Individualism is defines as the capability of a human being to only take care of himself or his family where as collectivism describes a group of people who look after each and every member of that group. (Hofstede, 2004) These two dimensions describe the individualist or collectivist culture of a human being. Masculinity vs. Femininity- The third dimension is one of the most dominating factors of a culture. Countries where men are considered to be more strong and tough and women are considered to be more delicate and soft follow masculine culture where as countries where men and women are considered equal in terms of strength and tenderness follow feminine culture. (Hofstede, 2004) Uncertainty Avoidance- It is the level to which an individual can accept sudden changes and situations. Companies which have the tendency to admit unpredicted circumstances and dislike uncertainty have high uncertainty avoidance score culture whereas countries which take things as they come and are prepared for any change at any point of time have low un certainty avoidance score culture. (Hofstede, 2004) Long term vs. short term orientation The fifth dimension known as the Long term vs. short term orientation was discovered quite later by Hofstede with the help of a survey intended by Chinese scholars. According to Hofstede (2004), long-term orientation means focusing to the future whereas short term orientation is focusing on the present and past. In long term oriented societies, pragmatism, perseverance is valued more; in short term oriented societies, respect for tradition and return favours is valued more. TABLE 3.2 Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimension Four Dimensions Degree of Sale Individualism Vs. Collectivism Masculinity Vs. Feminist Uncertainty Vs. Avoidance Power Distance Long Term Orientation. High Self Determination Controlling Relationships Formal Relationship Social Difference Commitment to future and use of tradition Low Collectivity Care of relationship Informal relationship Social Integration Personal Steadiness and stability Source: Chang,2003 and Hofstede, 2001 3.2.2. HOME CULTURE VERSUS FOREIGN CULTURE Tayeb (1998) says that the decision to become involved in international business depends, among others, on the size of the companys domestic market, its production capacity and capability, and the financial and other resources that the foreign market requires. In that way, firms can be placed on an internationalisation scale ranging from domestic single nation to totally globalise. The extent to which national culture becomes relevant to a firm can be shown in the following table. The company own home country culture is of high relevance, though the managers and other employees may not be aware of its influence. The relevance of other peoples culture becomes greater for a firm as it spreads its activities and products past its national boundaries to reach foreigners with different value systems and tastes (Tayeb 1998). 3.2.3 IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Understanding culture and its impact on international business is very important for the firm and its employees. Organizations differ not only on the basis of international culture but national culture as well. According to Ball et al. (1996), doing business with another culture is not an easy task and to be successful, every foreign company should be aware and follow some rules that make their business activity more compatible. They state that there are six rules of thumb for doing business in another culture. Even if these can be important when doing business in the home country, they become more crucial when going abroad. Johansson (2000) states that it should be kept in mind that even if adaptation to the foreign culture is good when it comes to future negotiations and co-operations, there is a limit for how far a manager should go to try to accommodate this foreign culture. Mistrust from the other part can be created if for example a manager is trying to adapt to the for eign culture and is doing this superficial and with lack of deeper meaning. This can lead to misinterpretation and seen as matter of insincerity. When a company begins to work outside its national country, it encounters various environmental and cultural changes which is not the case in own country. If one does not understand these cultural differences, then he might to face barriers in the success of the organization globally. (Lane et al, 2001). More international operations lead to more interaction and communication with people and companies working in different culture. Therefore, in order to operate productively, it is a basic need to understand or have knowledge of different cultural attributes and contrast. (Adler 1983). Ferner and Quintanilla (1998), state that companies need to operate as one organisation which face global environment although they are consisted of different subunits which carry the characteristics of the local environment they operate in and the c ompanies also bring the cultural elements of the home countries which they originated in Since the study of national and international cultures has become of the most acknowledged topic, therefore, it is important to learn culture, its importance and impacts in international business. 3.2.4 IMPACT OF CULTURE ON INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS According to the article on Cultural impact on international Business, 2011, Culture influences international business in many ways. When culture and business interrelate with each other, it directs to the growth of fascinating circumstances or situation. When diverse cultures come together at an ordinary point with business as the podium, the spar is bound to happen. But most significantly, such circumstances assist us in becoming accustomed to demanding situations. Various societies or nations around the globe pursue different gestures and manners. The technique to see a difficulty might vary from country to country in the world. The global business culture, altogether, is an assembly of a variety of industry tradition, cultural power and the consideration development followed in different countries. Below are discussed the impacts of culture on an international business on the basis of body language, communication, time etc. Body Language Every country follows a different culture, which can be clearly found or seen in the behaviour and body language of its people. In order to work internationally, accepting the facts about underneath gesture or motion becomes essential. There is likelihood that people can get the wrong impression about the actions of different cultures. Thus, it calls for an accomplished planner to handle tricky state of affairs for the duration of conference. (Moran et al,2011) Communication communication is another aspect of culture that affects the international business. Different countries have different ways of communication. The words and vocabulary used by a few people might sound unkind to others. The pronunciation of some words could have a different impact on the cultural ways of communicating in the commercial sector. This can also act as an obstacle in the progression of business communication. (Moran et al, 2011) Time The first thing that comes to mind when we talk about time in business in Punctuality. Britishers and Germans are very punctual and follow a time-bound schedule. The various time-cultures could be one of the major factors for creating differences amongst people from miscellaneous ethnicity. Multinational Companies follow a schedule for meetings while doing a business and the way in which meetings are handles could also be the cause of having different point of views.(Moran et al, 2011) It is necessary for corporate houses to understand the social conditions of different countries, to successfully tap the respective markets. Being sensitive to the values and beliefs of different cultures of the world is necessary. (Leung 2005) The marketing executives sent abroad to operate business out of the country go through various problems and difficulties in trading with the commercial tradition and customs of that country. To target the international market and customers is not an easy task. It requires qualified experts who are trained and talented to deliver the best of their capability to the clients. 3.3 CULTURE OF INDIA India is a vast country which houses diverse cultures, ethnic groups and races. The immense population of more than a billion people has resulted from invasions, relocations and inter-marriages that took place over the centuries. According to an article published in the Inter science Management Review (2012), the various customs and traditions followed by people reflects in the business mores of India. With the advent of technology, the companies have now started to venture out into international markets. It has thus helped the human resources and the organizations to get exposed to diverse working environments across nations. India has greatly benefited by this turn of events as the gap in the work culture of India and other nations has thus decreased to some extent. INDIAN WORK CULTURE: First and foremost, the Indian etiquette calls for Namaste being a fundamental mode of greeting or saying goodbye. Recently though, education has brought about a reform in this practice a s men and women now prefer to shake hands. Due to their politeness and respect towards their guests, Indian people have trouble saying no. This aspect of their nature may act as a hurdle in sealing of contracts or doing negotiations. Paramount respect, courtesy and generosity is showered upon guests in India. It is a utopia for the international travellers. (Rai and Neelankavil, 2009) Rai and Neelankavil, 2009 also state that one of the major drawbacks of the Indian work culture is that there is no management of time. Indians dont score too well in terms of punctuality; long delays in meetings, cancellation or rescheduling of the same are a common sight. This has found its roots in the basic mindset of people and the Indian culture. Another major failing of the Indian work system is the general slack of work in the Government offices which leads to delays in meting out results, excess of the red tape baggage that leads people not to have confidence in the system. Therefore, any transactions in India call for a huge amount of patience to be able to meet with the results. The article published in Inter Science Management Review, 2012 also states that Despite other shortcomings, Indians fare well in matters of the English language. The adeptness of the average middle class over the language is laudable. There is absolutely no hitch in sending and receiving of official letters, emails or faxes. The office environment in India is usually very formal and there are no personal relationship between the bosses and the subordinates. The decision making in almost all of the private companies is from top to bottom, which may take a long time for the decision to be made and implemented. This accounts for the general lack of management inside the working sector. Most of the Indians carry their work pressure home. They put in extra hours at work hence losing the work-life balance. This creates more pressure on them as the workplace demands are entirely differe nt from that of the family. All this is done in an effort to earn monetary benefits and climb higher on the ladder of hierarchy of the workplace. Indians generally dont make good mentors, they are soft critics and dont stand up against something wrong as much as they should. This is thought to be because of the process of appraisal, the appraiser demands positive feedback despite the gaping holes in management and work. The lack of dexterity of the appraiser is usually the main reason behind lack of the much needed critical review. Indians have a hard time coping with changes of any sort, be it changes in management or work timings. A lot of time and energy is required for Indians to bring the change to practice. 3.3.1 IMPACT OF CULTURE ON HILTON HOTEL, INDIA One such new path is the concern with national culture. Whereas traditional IB research has been concerned with economic/legal issues and organizational forms and structures, the importance of national culture broadly defined as values, beliefs, norms, and behavioural patterns of a national group has become increasingly important in the last two decades, largely as a result of the classic work of Hofstede (1980). National culture has been shown to impact on major business activities, from capital structure to group performance Gibson (2002). Cross-cultural experimental literature examining the influence of individual characteristics has evolved, yielding greater sophistication and specification to our understanding of cultures influence. Much early cross-cultural work tested only for the main effects of culture often using national culture as a proxy variable for a given cultural orientation. That work, exploring the influence of the presence (a main effect) of a given cultur al orientation, laid the groundwork for more complex experiments to follow, which test how differences in the levels (a moderating influence) of a cultural orientation (even a primed, temporary one) influence behaviours or perceptions. The research of Gelfand et al. (2002) examined both the main effects and the moderating effects of individual characteristics on the Hilton Hotel in India. Using national culture as proxy for cultural orientation, their results support robust findings of self-serving biases in individualist cultures (Thompson and Lowenstein, 1992), where the self is served by enhancing ones positive attributes to stand out and be better than others, but find relatively less bias in a collectivistic culture, in which the self is served by focusing on ones weaknesses to blend in and maintain interdependence with others. However, they also measured individual self-construal, and demonstrate that independent self-construal are higher in India and are positively related to self-serving biases. Thus, not only is a main effect of culture on the working of Hilton Hotel in India, but the examination of individual self-construal helps to explain why such an effect exists. Research of this type is especially valuable given that much of the theory underlying business research has been developed and tested exclusively in Western contexts. Diversity: Most organizations in the India, particularly large ones, strive for consistency, standardization, and agreement, largely from the misleading assumption that the elimination of divergence/diversity automatically results in efficiency and success. This traditional view of organizational structure assumes that contradictions are to be first prioritized, and then eliminated, so that everything will run smoothly. We have all known managers and executives who need their subordinates to agree with their decisions, tell them they are doing a terrific job, and avoid challenging their authority. While this may be or ganizationally neat and psychologically comforting, it is stifling, stagnating, and, over the long haul, counterproductive. Experimental research focusing on the moderating influence of individual characteristics contributes to this literature because it directly tests whether these processes, biases, and behaviours are indeed universal phenomena, or whether they are specific to Western populations. As Oyserman et al. (2002b) point out in their Meta-analysis of research on collectivism/individualism, cultural priming is one of the most promising areas of cross-cultural research. The theoretical underpinnings of priming stem from social cognition research, which shows that accessible knowledge influences behaviour, and that temporarily accessible and chronically salient knowledge produce equivalent effects in the laboratory. Thus, priming techniques create an experimental analogue of chronic differences between cultural groups by temporarily focusing participants attention on d ifferent cultural content or values. (Hong et al., 2000) Examples of this research would be the study mentioned in an earlier section, as well as which primed participants with cues that were or were not congruent with their cultural orientation (e.g., using pronouns such as I and me for an independence priming or we and our for an interdependent priming) and examined the influence on factors such as cognitive speed and accuracy, memory, and attitudes. Results across all the experiments indicate the existence of a chronic cultural orientation, and one that is more malleable in the face of a primed orientation. 3.4 CULTURE OF U.K There are about 3.7 million businesses in the U.K which includes 75% of jobs in service industry like hotels, restaurants, travelling, shopping, computers and finance. This sector consists of more than 20 million employees and 22 percent of British workers work more than 48 hours a week. (Pryce, 2007) According to the Central Intelligence Agency (2007), the United Kingdom is one of the most developed countries in the world and being a leader in trade as well as the leader as the financial centre. It is seen as one of the largest five economies in Europe, with banking, insurance and other business services being an integral part of it. As the United Kingdom is a part of the EU, most of the institutions and policies are in accordance with the regulations laid out by the EU. As the UK has a monarchical constitution, the government rarely gets involved in the matters of economy, its main concern is with improving public services like education and health (The Economist, 2007). A lar ge number of international and global enterprises find home in the United Kingdom (Ferner and Varul, 2000). Due to diverse work environments provided by these global enterprises, the British companies get to experience the work culture provided by the international markets and manage it efficiently. An argument provided by Ferner and Varul (2000) states that the British enterprises have a niche above other companies in terms of development of customer friendly policies and structures. Also, these enterprises play an integral role in globalization of industries, thus placing UK in the top realm to play the role of international operations armed with international companies. Hence, the UK could be expected to be the place with the most number of globalized companies with leading role of international operations. 3.4.1 KEY CONCEPT AND VALUES OF BRITISH CULTURE According to an article on International Business Negotiations 2005, United Kingdom consists of a blend of four cultural and ethnic backgrounds named as England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. Such a multicultural country persists to bring together its rich culture and modern attitude. The understanding of the basic principled business standards of the United Kingdom is very important for any company that wishes to operate business in such an inherited and reputable country. Indirectness The most important aspect of British culture is its way of approach and communication. In the U.K, people are known well for their graciousness and good manners like courtesy, politeness and civility. While undertaking business in the UK, it is seen that straight questions obtain indistinct answers and the exchange of dialogues takes place in detail. In order to understand what one really means to say, it is necessary to take note of the nature of voice and facial expressions. (Whittaker , 2009) Stiff upper lip The term stiff upper lip is often used to describe the traditionally British portrayal of reserve and restraint when faced with difficult situations. All business meetings and deals are done with entire regulations and customs. Any positive or negative form of emotion should be neglected in the british work environment. (Whittaker, 2009) Humour A vital element in all aspects of British life and culture is the renowned British sense of humour. The importance of humour in all situations, including business contexts, cannot be overestimated. Humour is frequently used as a defence mechanism, often in the form of self depreciation or irony. It can be highly implicit and in this sense is related to the British indirect communication style. (Whittaker, 2009) The United Kingdom is renowned for its colourful history and strong sense of tradition that has been shaped by a colonial empire, both civil and European war and a constitutional monarchy. The fourth largest trading nation, the UK is fast becoming Europes leading business centre. Supported by a long-established system of government and economic stability, the UK is an attractive base for overseas business, offering skills in areas such as research, development and technology. However, in order to operate successfully in the UK business environment, there are a number of important issues to take into consideration both before and during your time there. (Kenna and Lacy, 1995) 3.4.2 IMPACT OF CULTURE ON HILTON HOTEL, U.K. There are quite a few Hilton Hotels in the U.K. The most important cultural factors that affect the business of Hilton Hotel in U.K. are as follows:- 3.4.2.1 PRICING Price plays a key role in creating customer value and building customer relationship, as well is one of the four elements of the marketing mix and an indicator that affects buyer choice. Many companies today compete with each other with different prices in both the domestic and the international market. Price is the only element in the marketing mix that produces revenue; all other elements represent cost (Kotler et al. 2007). Pricing is one of the most complicated decision areas encountered by Hilton Hotel, U.K. Market prices at the customer level are much more difficult to control in international markets than in domestic market. The pricing of the Hilton Hotels in the U.K. in general is more complex and critical than those located in India. According to Chee et al. (1998), the price is critical because it affects the firms ability to stay in the market. The price is also complex, because of the diversity of markets, with their different environment such as, political, lega l, social, technological, consumer characteristics, etc. Thereby, price is an issue that can affect the international business and the companys co-operations in the foreign country 3.4.2.2 NEGOTIATIONS According to Tayeb (1998) language is one of the major issues when it comes to negotiations with trade partners from other cultures. Although it is not always indispensable to know the partners language, several studies shows that a link exists between successful company performance in winning new business in foreign markets, and the ability of the company to conduct its business in the language of the customer. Tayeb (1998) also states that there are some aspects of culture that manifest themselves in a negotiation situation. Foreign partners not only speak languages other than ones own, but also have a tendency, for cultural reasons, to think in different ways and have different priorities in the way in which they do business. For example, some people prefer to do their business meetings with foreigners in a formal way, and would be offended to be addressed by their first name; some might believe that the use of an informal style and first name would signal to the partners tha t they are trusted. Two partners from these different cultural backgrounds could easily misunderstand each other if they negotiate without a previous knowledge of one anothers assumptions and values. 3.5 SUMMARY In todays time of globalisation, international business is getting bigger and escalating for both multinational as well as local companies. Due to this, cross cultural matter have gained a lot of importance. In this literature review, the main focus has been to discuss culture, its importance and impact on Hilton Group of Hotel in India and U.K. This chapter has been presented to help the reader understand the basic theoretical concepts which helps in the findings of the case study and answering the research question. This part of the thesis helped us in understanding the relationship between culture and international business. Development in the fields of technology and communication etc, companies from various cultures have started working together, thus making culture an important subject of discussion in International Business. This chapter discussed the Hofstedes five cultural dimensions named Individualism, Power distance, Uncertainty, Masculinity and Long-Term orientat ion. It also explains the working culture of India and U.K and the impact of culture on the business of Hilton Hotel, India and Hilton Hotel, U.K. In international business negotiations, it is important to learn about the counterpartsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ culture and thus ameliorate the problems that can arise in the course of the negotiations. From this study, we can see that there are marked differences in the Indian and British negotiation styles which stem from cultural differences among the two countries. Knowledge of these differences will enable negotiators understand the negotiation behaviour of their counterparts with a view to making negotiations proceed with more ease. However, it is also important not to allow cultural stereotypes to determine the relationships with the potential business partners. This is because individuals may have their own distinct culture which does not always mirror the countrys perceived culture. 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter is designed to illuminate the research methodology of this study. It is divided into various parts that explain the different research approaches, research methods, research design and the examination of data collected. In particular, the methodology adopted to choose the sample and analyse the data will be discussed. The writer will also explain the limitations of this research and ends it with a brief summary. 4.2 RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is defined as an arrangement of answering the research questions in order to collect the correct information. It aims in obtaining the clear objective derived from the research questions, data collection method, limitations and ethical issues. (Saunders et al, 2007) Conducting a research is not an easy task. It involves various preparations before carrying out the research work for example it requires a research design to get an idea of how the data will be collected. It is a general plan which is structured to get appropriate answers for the research questions. This research study involves the use of descriptive research so that the reader gets an absolute understanding of how this research is carried out and technique used for analysing the data. 4.3 RESEARCH STRATEGY Research strategy is the main deciding factor that helps us in choosing the suitable research approach and facilitates us to assess the research proposition. It is defined as the general approach to research determined by the kind of question that the research study hopes to answer (Gravetter and Forzano) The three types of research strategies are explanatory, exploratory and descriptive. This research involves in-depth interviews with the management of Hilton Hotel in India and U.K to get the answer to the research question. The questions of the interview were formed on the basis of the cultural difference and impact on the working and business of Hilton Hotel, India and Hilton Hotel, U.K. 4.4 RESEARCH APPROACH The most commonly used research approaches known as deductive and inductive approaches are explained below:- Deductive Approach Deductive approach, also known as the top-down approach is used for gathering common to definite analysis like laws, rules and principles etc. Thus, the knowledge of a particular field/area or the theory in relation to that area helps in deriving a result of the hypothesis which can further be used to transform the theoretical concepts into a researchable article. (Bryman and Bell, 2007) Inductive approach The inductive approach is the opposite of deductive approach. It is used for gathering definite to general observations. It is also named as the bottom-top approach. When the researcher concludes the inference of the analysis of the theory, the result is then stored into the findings related with the research area. (Bryman and Bell, 2007) To investigate the impact of the cultural difference on the working of Hilton Group of hotel in India a nd U.K., the researcher will makes use of both the deductive as well as the inductive approach. 4.5 RESEARCH METHODS Qualitative Research Method According to Miles and Huberman 1994, Qualitative research is conducted through an intense and/or prolonged contact with a field or life situation. Qualitative Research is conducted in our day to day circumstances of groups, organizations, society etc. It is concerned with the quality and not the quantity. This type of research comes into use to recognize the respondents behaviour and performance in life. Quantitative Research Method Quantitative research is used to measure the data. It is often carried out using two methods: survey and testing by the respondents to perform the analysis. It is more concerned with the quantity and not the quality such as it focuses on the characters, properties and observed values. (Nan, 1995) Quantitative research consists of questionnaires, in-depth interviews, projective techniques etc. to collect the data. Mixed Research Method Mixed research method engages philosophical assumptions that guide the d irection of collecting, analyzing, and mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches in many phases in the research process. (Creswell and Clark, 2007) It involves the use of both the qualitative as well quantitative research methods in one study or a sequence of studies. Since, this research aims to investigate the difference in culture of India and U.K. and its impact on the business of Hilton Hotel in India and U.K., in-depth interviews were conducted with the management team of Hilton Hotel, India as well Hilton Hotel, U.K. 4.6 DATA SOURCES A data source is the method from which the data is collected. It is of two types: Primary and Secondary. The primary data is generated from the questionnaires and the interviews conducted whereas the secondary data comes from the books, articles, journals and other applicable literature. Primary data is used in developing new hypothesis and the secondary data helps in building an academic environment. Both primary and secondary data are a reliable source of collecting information and use of both the sources can provide the researcher with a consistent conclusion. The data collected from both the sources can be checked against each other in order to attain a suitable end result. (Saunders et al, 2009) 4.7 DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT Questionnaires are considered as one of the most common methods of collecting data in business studies as it is very beneficial. The most important advantage of using questionnaire as a research method is that it can be easily managed, consume less time and reduces cost as compared to the other methods (Ghauri et al, 1995) This research study required the use of quantitative research method. A questionnaire was designed and used as the measuring instrument. The data was gathered using the questionnaire and in- depth interviews were conducted with the senior management staff of the Hilton Hotel in India and U.K. to understand the impact of cultural difference on its working. 4.8 POPULATION AND SAMPLE Leary (2004, p.118) defines sampling as, the process by which a researcher selects a sample of participants for a study from the population of interest. A total of four in-depth interviews were conducted with the senior management staff of Hilton Hotel, India and Hilton Hotel, U.K. The Interviews were conducted only with a few staff of Hilton Hotel as interviews with the entire management of Hilton Hotel in both India and U.K. would have been very costly, time-consuming and impractical. TARGET POPULATION Target Population is the first step of sampling process. According to Malhotra and Birks 2003, target Population is the collection of elements or objects that possess the information sought by the researcher and about which inferences are to be made. The sample used in this study was selected from employees in various job roles, comprising mostly Project Managers, Developers, Solutions Consultants, Systems Architect and management job categories. 4.9 ACCESS Saunders et al, 2009 states that it is quite understandable that to gain access to the management of a company or organization is the most difficult task while carrying out research in business studies or environment. Paroutis and Pettigrew (2007) argue that in order to gain access to the associates or management of the company, the most important fact that should be kept in mind is the trust factor as it requires valuable support and crucial time of the respondents. In order to get affective results, the respondents must participate in the meetings and workshops where the researcher can have a thorough study of them at a time. On the other hand, Johnson et al, 2007 argues that it is in the hands of the researcher to gain access in regards to a persons observation through well designed questionnaires and interviews. Thus, for this research, the researcher had to make use of a significant strategy of getting access regarding the available relevant resources like time and money . Therefore, the most suitable way of gaining access to the team was through brief information of the purpose and importance of conducting this research 4.10 DATA COLLECTION As mentioned above, a questionnaire was designed that helped in conducting in-depth interviews with the senior employees of Hilton Hotel in India and U.K. Each question was chosen with awareness in connection to the aims and objectives of the research study. Hence, the statement provided by Saunders et al, (2009) that the use of questionnaire to reduce the number of participants facing trouble in answering or assess the questions in a small scale study proved to be true. 4.11 DATA ANALYSIS The quantitative and qualitative data was observed very carefully to conclude the final result for the research question. To analyse the quantitative data, SPSS ( Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software was used. The data collected was in the numerical form which was put into the system which measured the correlation between the selected variables and is handed in the findings chapter in the forms of charts, tables and graphs. On the other hand, the qualitative data was analysed through open ended questions and thematic patterns. This type of analysis helps in gaining understanding of a specific observation. (Saunders et al, 2009) The researcher characterized the themes in order to make the structure of the study more evident by answering the research question. The answers were then categorized to form a combination to understand and explain the general view of cultural impact on the hospitality industry especially Hilton Hotel in India and U.K. Comparing the findings with the literature After the Primary data was analysed and the conclusion was retrieved, the researcher correlated the secondary data from the literature with the findings to look for the similarities and inconsistency. It was necessary to link the secondary and primary data until the researcher was satisfied with the conclusion so that a convincing and legitimate result could be drawn. 4.12 GENERALISABILITY AND RELIABILITY It is highly recommended to notice that since the sample size of the research was comparatively small, the findings and results cannot be generalized. This matter was resolved by using both the numerical as well as the theoretical data by the sampling process. The research was conducted amongst the expert professionals of the applicable division of the company; therefore, more dependable and consistent answers to the research question were derived. 4.13 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY Validity and Reliability in a research study are the most important and negligible factors that deal with the trust of the research, findings and conclusions and should not be forgotten to mention. (Saunders et al, 2009) Threat to the validity of this analysis could come from testing, record, appliance, humanity and uncertainty of the contributions. Talking about this study, the researcher realised that small sample size and limited access was a matter of difficulty. Although some measures were applied while doing the research as the researcher was aware of these hazards. All the participants were the employees of the company and had to follow some terms and conditions and were restricted to the influencing policies, customs and traditions of the company, therefore their point of view could be biased. To validate the research, the researcher presented very transparent and understandable information on the purpose of the research, aims and objectives and the importance of cond ucting this research along with the justification of the liberty to take part or pull out them self from this research. Finally, in case of any uncertainty or support, the researcher offered his personal contact details like email and phone number to the employees of the company. 4.14 ETHICAL ISSUE Saunders et al, 2009 defines ethics as how suitable the researchers behaviour is towards the people who are the subject of the study or the people who are affected by it. The researcher made sure that all the respondents were made aware of the need and purpose of this research and agreed to take part in completing the questionnaire wholeheartedly. The data that was collected from the questionnaires and interviews was not to be disclosed to anyone else apart from the researcher and required no name to be addressed to as only the researcher would have the access to all the information. Cooper and Schindler (2008) stated, ethics are the norms or standards of behaviour that guide moral choices about our behaviour and our relationships with others. Other ethical issue to be well thought-out was the amount to which unconstructively acceptable answers could be extracted and the level to which opening the information to everyone could make the participants uncomfortable. The au thor feels that studying about the cultural impacts on the Hilton Group of Hotels is not an ethical issue since it is only being researched to understand and benefit the readers with the knowledge of the cultural difference and its impact on the hospitality industry of a developed and a developing country. 4.15 LIMITATIONS Along with the advantages of this study, come a few limitations. There are a few subjects of concern that must be discussed and brought into notice as they act as a threat to the validity of the results and findings. Below are the limitations that were faced by the researchers in conducting the research:- The sample size was small as compared to the total number of employees working in the organisation Due to less time and finances, the area under discussion could not be studied in detail It has always been difficult for the respondents to devote their valuable time in answering the questions while working Since the sample size was small and only contains the information from a few experts of the company, the findings cannot be generalized There is a matter of concern with the reliability of the findings because of factors like instruments, history etc. Considering all the limitations mentioned above, it has come into account of the researcher that there exist flaws and drawbacks that offer these restrictions for the achievement of the present thesis. 4.16 SUMMARY This chapter discussed the various research strategies, research approaches, research methods and the types of data sources that were used to gather all the data and the related answers to the research question of this research study. It also explains the ethical issues, limitations, validity and the reliability measures the researcher had to face while conducting this research. In order to get an appropriate answer to the research question for this study, the researcher made use of the quantitative deductive approach as well as the qualitative inductive approach by taking help of a well designed questionnaire and conducting in-depth interviews with the senior management staff of the Hilton Hotel in India and U.K.